Alakaʻi huakaʻi i ka Pāka National Yellowstone
ʻO Yellowstone National Park ʻo ia ka paka mua loa i hoʻokumu ʻia ma ka honua a ʻaʻole wale ka mea mua ma USA. ʻOiai he wahi mākaʻikaʻi kūloko a me kahi huakaʻi pikiniki no ka lehulehu o nā mokuʻāina, ʻo nā mea mākaʻikaʻi mai nā ʻāina ʻē e hele mai e kipa i ka paka no ka nani kupaianaha i hōʻike ʻia i mua o ko lākou mau maka.
ʻO ka hoʻāʻo ʻana e uhi i ka USA holoʻokoʻa no ka mākaʻikaʻi he hana Herculean a ʻaʻole hiki ke hoʻokō ʻia i hoʻokahi huakaʻi (ʻoiaʻiʻo inā ʻaʻole ʻoe he Vagabond!). Akā, pehea inā e haʻi aku kekahi iā ʻoe e pili ana i nā wahi kūpono e kipa aku ai e like me kou makemake a i ʻole ka papa kuhikuhi no ʻoe i hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokele i ka USA e uhi ana i nā wahi mākaʻikaʻi koʻikoʻi i kāu huakaʻi? I mea e hōʻemi ai i kou hopohopo e pili ana i ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā mokuʻāina, ua lawe mākou iā ʻoe i ka wahi punahele punahele o nā mākaʻikaʻi, mai ka mokuʻāina a ma waho.
ʻO ka nui o nā ʻano ʻano, ke ea o ia wahi, nā nani nani e pili ana e paʻa mau loa i kou mau maka ke ʻike ʻoe. Hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻolimalima i kahi alakaʻi huakaʻi e alakaʻi iā ʻoe i kekahi mau wahi koʻikoʻi o ka mōʻaukala a i ʻole.
Ma kēia ʻatikala i kēia lā, e uhi mākou i kekahi mau kikoʻī koʻikoʻi o ka paka i makemake paha ʻoe e ʻike ma mua o kou kipa ʻana i ia wahi. Ma kēia ala e loaʻa ai iā ʻoe kahi manaʻo i ke ʻano o kāu huakaʻi. E ʻoluʻolu e heluhelu i nā paukū ma lalo nei e hoʻomaopopo i ka paka mua loa o ka honua - ʻo Yellowstone National Park.
E mālama pono ʻaʻole e hele ma luna o nā huaʻōlelo a hāʻule i ka ʻāina o ke ʻano!
Moolelo o ka paka
11,000 makahiki mai kēia lā, ua hānau ʻia ka mōʻaukala o ka Yellowstone National Park. Ua hoʻomaka ka manawa me ka hoʻouka kaua ʻana o nā ʻAmelika maoli nāna i hoʻohana i ka ʻāina no ka noho ʻana a me ke kumu o ka lawaiʻa a me ka hopu holoholona i nā kau kūpono. ʻOiai ke kūkulu ʻia nei ke keʻena leta ma Gardener, Montana, i ka makahiki 1950, ua ʻike ʻia kahi wahi obsidian ma ka ʻāina i ʻike ʻia no Clovis kumu a ua hoʻopaʻa ʻia ma kahi o 11,000 mau makahiki i hala.
Ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻohana ka poʻe Paleo-Indian i ka moʻomeheu Clovis i ka nui o ka obsidian i ʻike ʻia ma ka paka ma hope. Ua hoʻohana ʻia e ka poʻe e noho ana e hana i nā mea ʻoki ʻoi a me nā mea kaua no ka hahai holoholona a me ke kālepa. Ma waho o nā mea hana i loaʻa, ua ʻike ʻia kekahi mau poʻo pua i manaʻo ʻia ua kālai ʻia mai loko mai o ka obsidian pōhaku melemele ma ka ʻāina, a hiki i nā ʻāpana o ke awāwa ʻo Mississippi. Hōʻike kēia i ka ʻoiaʻiʻo aia kekahi ʻano kālepa obsidian e hana nei ma waena o nā ʻohana like ʻole o ka hikina. I ka makahiki 1805 wale nō ka huakaʻi a Lewis lāua ʻo Clark i ʻike ai ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi keʻokeʻo keʻokeʻo mua i kipa aku i ka ʻāina me nā ʻohana i kapa ʻia i kēia manawa. ʻO Nez Perce, Crow a me Shoshone ʻohana. I kēia manawa, ua pau ka noho ʻana o ka hapa nui o nā ʻohana i noho a ulu aʻe ma Yellowstone National Park i nā wahi ʻē aʻe o ka honua.
ʻāina ʻo Yellowstone
I ka hele ʻana o ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi ma waena o Montana i kēia manawa, lohe lākou e pili ana i kahi i kapa ʻia ʻo ka ʻāina ʻo Yellowstone ma ka hema, akā ʻaʻole i hoʻāʻo ka hui huakaʻi i kēlā manawa e ʻike i ka ʻāina. He ʻumikūmākahi makahiki mai kēia hana ʻana i ka makahiki 1871, ua hoʻokō ʻo Ferdinand V. Hayden i ka ʻāina o ka Yellowstone National Park ma hope o kāna hana ʻole ʻana ma mua. Ma hope o kona hoʻi ʻana mai ka huakaʻi, ua kākau ʻo Hayden i kahi hōʻike kikoʻī kikoʻī e pili ana i nā kiʻi nui na William Henry Jackson a me kekahi mau kiʻi pena paʻakikī a Thomas Moran. ʻO kēia mau hōʻike i haku ʻia e Hayden i hōʻoiaʻiʻo i ka ʻAhaʻōlelo o ʻAmelika e kiʻi hou i kēia ʻāpana o ka Yellowstone National Park mai ke kūʻai aku ākea.
Ma ka lā 1 o Malaki, 1872, ua pūlima hope ʻia ka Art of Dedication e ka Pelekikena Ulysses S. Grant i kēlā manawa a ua ola ka ʻike o ka Yellowstone National Park. I loko o nā makahiki koʻikoʻi o ke Kaua Honua II, ua hāʻule nui ka nui o nā mākaʻikaʻi i kipa aku i ka paka aupuni. Ua haʻalele nā limahana he nui i kā lākou lawelawe a ua hāʻule nā mea hana he nui o ka paka. Eia hou, i nā makahiki o 1950, ua piʻi nui nā kipa mākaʻikaʻi ma Yellowstone a me nā paka aupuni ʻē aʻe o ʻAmelika. No ka hoʻokipa maikaʻi ʻana i kēia komo nui ʻana o nā mākaʻikaʻi, ua hoʻokō ke komite paka Māniona 66 ka mea i kālele i ka hana hou a me ka hoʻonui ʻana i nā keʻena lawelawe pāka e mālama i ka hoʻoilina mohala o ka paka. ʻOiai ʻo ka manaʻo e hoʻopau i kēia mikiona ma ka makahiki 1966 (ma ka hoʻomanaʻo ʻana i ka makahiki 50 o ia wahi) ua lawe ka Misiona 66 i kahi alahele iki mai ke kūkulu ʻana iā ia i ke ʻano kaila lāʻau kuʻuna a hiki i nā hoʻolālā i ke ʻano o ke ʻano hou.
ʻO ka moʻolelo nui i kamaʻilio ʻia e pili ana i ka moʻolelo ākea o ka paka i kākau ʻia e kahi kokoke i 1,000 mau wahi archaeological. Ua ʻike ʻia ka paka ma kahi o 1,106 mau hiʻohiʻona kūʻokoʻa kūʻokoʻa a ma waena o ia mau mea ʻo ka Obsidian Cliff a me ʻelima mau hale i ʻike ʻia ua hāʻawi ʻia ka inoa o nā National Historic Landmarks. Ma muli o ka nui o nā mea kanu like ʻole a me nā holoholona e hanu ana ma ka ʻāpana o ka Yellowstone National Park, ua ʻike ʻia ʻo ia he International Biosphere Reserve ma ʻOkakopa 26, 1976, a ʻo ia hoʻi he kahua hoʻoilina honua UN i koho ʻia ma Sepatemaba 6, 1978. ʻAʻole wale kēia, i ka makahiki 2010 ua hāʻawi ʻia ka hanohano o ka paka i ka loaʻa ʻana o kāna hapaha ponoʻī i loaʻa ma lalo o ka papahana ʻo America the Beautiful Quarters Program.
Ke kālaihonua o ka paka
Aia ka Yellowstone National Park ma ka ʻaoʻao hikina ʻĀkau o ka muliwai Snake. He ʻano arc ʻo ia e hoʻokele ana i kona ala ma waena o nā mauna a holo mai Boyce Idaho a i ke komohana, e uhi ana ma waena o 400 mile (640 km). Ua ʻike paha ʻoe ua ʻike ʻia ʻo Yellowstone Caldera ʻo ia ka lua pele nui loa e noho nei ma ka ʻāina o ʻAmelika ʻĀkau? I kēia manawa, ʻo kāna mea hoʻokūkū wale nō ma ka honua ʻo Lake Toba Caldera aia ma Sumatra. Ua hoʻokumu ʻia ka caldera i ka huaʻōlelo super volcano ma muli o kāna mau pele nui a me ka maʻalahi i nā makahiki. Ma lalo o ka ʻāina ʻo Yellowstone e noho ana kona keʻena pelemaka i manaʻo ʻia he keʻena hoʻokahi i hoʻomau ʻia ma kahi o 37 mile ka lōʻihi, 18 mile ka laula a ma kahi o 327 mile ka hohonu.
ʻO ka pele caldera hou loa i loaʻa ma muli o kahi pele cataclysmic i hana ʻia ma kahi o 6,40,000 mau makahiki i hala aku nei a ua ʻike ʻia ua hoʻokuʻu ma kahi o 240 cubic mile o ka lehu, pōhaku puhi a me nā mea pyroclastic i ka lewa. Ua helu ʻia kēia pele ma kahi o 1000 mau manawa ʻoi aʻe ma mua o ka pele 1980 i hana ʻia ma ka mauna Saint Helens. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole kēia wale nō ka mea kupanaha o nā awa paka, ua ʻike ʻia nō hoʻi ia no nā geysers kaulana loa, aia paha ma ka honua holoʻokoʻa.
Ua lohe paha ʻoe e pili ana i ka 'Kūpono Kahiko' geyser aia i loko o ke kīʻaha geyser luna? Noho pū ka ʻāina i ka geyser Beehive, Lion geyser, Castle geyser, Giant geyser (ke kaulana loa geyser voluminous), ka Grand geyser (ʻo ia paha ke kiʻekiʻe loa o ka honua) a me ka Riverside geyser. ʻO ka paka ka home o kekahi o nā geysers kiʻekiʻe a ikaika loa o ka honua - ka Steamboat geyser aia ma Norris Geyser Basin. Ua hōʻike ʻia kahi noiʻi hou i hana ʻia i ka makahiki 2011 i ka 1283 geysers i hū wale ma ka ʻāina ʻo Yellowstone.
Ma waena o kēia mau mea, ʻo ka awelika ma kahi o 465 geysers i manaʻo ʻia e hana ana no ka makahiki i hāʻawi ʻia. Ma muli o ia mau pōʻino koʻikoʻi e kū nei ma ka ʻāina, aia ka Yellowstone ma kahi o 10,000 mau hiʻohiʻona wela i ka huina, ʻo ia hoʻi nā ipu lepo, geysers, fumaroles a me nā pūnāwai wela. Hōʻike pū ʻo Yellowstone i nā tausani o nā ōlaʻi liʻiliʻi/nui i kēlā me kēia makahiki; akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke ʻike ʻia ka nui i nā kamaʻāina o ia wahi.
ʻO Flora a me Fauna
Flora
ʻO ka lepo o Yellowstone National Park kahi home o nā ʻano lāʻau like ʻole 1700 a me nā mea kanu vascular kaulana. Ma kahi o 170 mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia he ʻano ʻano ʻokoʻa a ʻaʻole maoli ia wahi. Laha ʻo Lodgepole Pine ma kahi o 80% o ka ʻāina ululāʻau a ʻo ia kekahi o nā ʻano lāʻau conifer ʻewalu i ʻike ʻia ma ia wahi. ʻO nā mea ulu coniferous ʻē aʻe i ʻike ʻia ma ka ʻāina ʻo Engelmann spruce, Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, Whitebark pine a me Subalpine fir i ʻike ʻia e ulu pinepine ana ma nā awāwa o ka paka.
Aia ma kahi o ka nui o nā ʻano mea kanu pua i ʻike ʻia e ulu ana ma ka ʻāina i Mei a me Kepakemapa. ʻO kekahi o nā mea kanu pua kakaʻikahi i loaʻa a puni ka honua ʻo Yellowstone Sand Verbena. Ma kahi o 8000 o kēia mau ʻano i ʻike ʻia e mohala ana ma nā awāwa o ka paka. Ua manaʻo ʻia he pili pili loa lākou i nā pua e ulu ana i nā piʻi wela. Ke hele mai nei i nā mea kanu ʻōiwi ʻole e noho ana i ka ʻāina, ua manaʻo ʻia ua hoʻoweliweli lākou i ke kumu o ka meaʻai o nā ʻano maoli ma o ka noho ʻana i ka lewa a me ka ulu mau ʻana ma ia wahi.
? aaoa
ʻO ka fauna o Yellowstone National Park kahi home o kahi o 60 mau ʻano mammals e komo pū ana coyote, cougars Canadian lynx, Rocky Mountain wolf a me nā bea grizzly ʻeleʻele. ʻO nā mea momona nui ka bufalo, ka moose, ka miula, ka elk, ka huelo keʻokeʻo, ka hipa nui, ka pū kiwi, ke kao mauna a me ka nui o ka pua ma ka ʻAmelika holoʻokoʻa - ʻo ka American Bison.
ʻO ka nui o nā bison e noho nei ma ia wahi he mea hopohopo ia no nā kahu hānai kūloko e hopohopo nei e hiki i kēia ʻano bison ke hoʻoili i nā maʻi pipi i nā ʻano ʻē aʻe o kā lākou mau hoahānau hānai. ʻO ka hapalua o ka bison o ka ʻāina ua maʻalahi i ka maʻi bacteria i kapa ʻia ʻo 'brucellosis' i komo i kēia wahi ma o nā pipi ʻEulopa a hiki i ka hopena o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pipi. Eia naʻe, ʻaʻole i hōʻike ʻia nā hihia o ka hoʻoili ʻia ʻana o ka maʻi mai ka bison ahiu i nā pipi hānai. Aia ma kahi o 18 mau ʻano iʻa ʻokoʻa e ulu ana ma nā wai mehana o Yellowstone e komo pū ana me ka ʻiʻa ʻoki ʻoki ʻia ʻo Yellowstone.
ʻO ka paka ka hale o nā ʻano mea kolo e pili ana i ka boa rubber, prairie, Rattlesnake, ka honu pena, sagebrush lizard, bullsnake, Valley garter snake a me ʻehā mau ʻano amphibians i kapa ʻia ʻo tiger salamander, Western toad, chorus frog a me Columbia. rana kikoʻī.
Nā hana leʻaleʻa
Inā e hoʻolālā ana ʻoe e hele i ka Yellowstone National Park, e ʻoluʻolu e hoʻomaopopo ʻaʻohe hale noho no nā kaʻa lehulehu e loaʻa i loko o ka pā kula o ka paka. Eia nō naʻe, hiki iā ʻoe ke hoʻokaʻaʻike mau i nā hui huakaʻi e hāʻawi ana i nā kaʻa kaʻa alakaʻi ponoʻī. I ka wā hoʻoilo, loaʻa nā huakaʻi kaʻa kaʻa hau no ka hele ʻana ma luna o ka hau i laha nui ʻia ma ia wahi.
Inā ʻoe e hoʻolālā e kipa aku i ka Great Canyon, Old Faithful a me Mammoth Hot wahi o ka paka, e ʻike ʻoe he nui ka lehulehu o kēia mau wahi, a paʻa loa nā hale hana i ka mahina o ke kauwela. ʻO kēia ka hopena i kekahi manawa i nā kaʻa kaʻa a me nā lohi lōʻihi ma muli o ka lehulehu a me ka nānā ʻana i nā holoholona hihiu. Na ka National Park Service ke kuleana e mālama i nā hale hōʻikeʻike a me nā kikowaena malihini a ʻo ia ke kuleana no ka mālama ʻana i nā hale mōʻaukala i loaʻa ma ia wahi.
Aia ma kahi o 2,000 mau hale ʻē aʻe e pono e mālama ʻia. ʻAʻole kēia mau hale i nā hale maʻamau, aia lākou ʻo Fort Yellowstone (aia ma Mammoth hot springs district) a me nā ʻāina mōʻaukala aupuni e like me ka Old Faithful Inn i kūkulu ʻia i ka makahiki 1903 a 1904. Loaʻa ka koho o ka hoʻomoana no ka poʻe mākaʻikaʻi e ʻimi nei i kahi ʻike ma ka ʻūhā o ke ʻano, akā naʻe, ʻaʻole hiki ke koho i ka piʻi mauna a me ka piʻi ʻana i kēia paka no ka nui o nā lua pele e noho nei ma ia wahi.
ʻAʻole ʻae ʻia ka hopu holoholona ma ka ʻāina, akā naʻe, ʻae ʻia ia ma ka ʻāina nahele kokoke i nā kau like ʻole. He hana leʻaleʻa kaulana ka lawaiʻa ma ka ʻāina, akā naʻe, pono ʻoe i kahi laikini lawaiʻa Yellowstone e lawaiʻa i nā wai o ka paka.
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