Umhlahlandlela Wokuvakasha oya e-Yellowstone National Park
I-Yellowstone National Park iyipaki yokuqala ukwakhiwa emhlabeni hhayi eyokuqala e-USA kuphela. Nakuba kuyindawo yokuvakasha yendawo kanye nendawo yepikiniki yesixuku sendawo yezifundazwe, ngisho nabavakashi abavela phesheya bayafika bezovakashela leli paki ngobuhle obumangalisayo elibuveza phambi kwamehlo abo.
Ukuzama ukuhlanganisa i-USA yonke kwezokuvakasha kuwumsebenzi wakwaHerculean futhi awukwazi ukufezwa ohambweni olulodwa (Yebo uma ungeyena iVagabond!). Kodwa kuthiwani uma othile akwazise ngezindawo ezifanele ongazivakashela ngokuthanda kwakho noma ekushadiyela icebo ukuze ukwazi ukuzulazula e-USA ehlanganisa izindawo ezibalulekile zezivakashi ohambeni lwakho? Ukuze unciphise ukukhathazeka kwakho mayelana nokukala izifunda, sikulethele indawo ephezulu kakhulu ekhethwa yizivakashi, kokubili ezifundazweni nangaphandle.
Ubuningi bezinhlobo zezinto eziphilayo, isimo sezulu sendawo, ubuhle bemvelo obubandakanya kuyo kuzoqoshwa unomphela emehlweni akho uma usuhlangabezane nakho. Ungakwazi ngisho nokuqasha inkomba yokuvakasha ukuze ikuqondise ezindaweni ezithile ezibalulekile zomlando noma ngenye indlela.
Lapha kulesi sihloko namuhla, sizobe sihlanganisa imininingwane ethile ebalulekile yepaki ongase ube nelukuluku lokuyazi ngaphambi kokuba uvakashele indawo. Ngale ndlela uzoba nombono wokuthi uhambo lwakho luzobukeka kanjani. Sicela ufunde iziqephu ezingezansi ukuze wamukele ipaki yokuqala ngqa emhlabeni - I-Yellowstone National Park.
Qiniseka ukuthi ungakhubeki phezu kwamagama futhi uwele endaweni yemvelo!
Umlando wepaki
Eminyakeni eyi-11,000 kusukela namuhla, kwazalwa umlando we-Yellowstone National Park. Isikhathi saqala ngokuhlaselwa kwabomdabu baseMelika abasebenzisa indawo yokuhlala kanye nenjongo yokudoba nokuzingela ngezikhathi zonyaka ezifanele. Ngenkathi iposi elise-Gardener, e-Montana, lisakhiwa ngeminyaka yawo-1950, kwatholakala indawo ye-obsidian endaweni etholakala njengemvelaphi yaseClovis futhi yahlehlela emuva cishe eminyakeni eyi-11,000 edlule.
Kukholakala ukuthi amaPaleo-Indian angokwesiko likaClovis asebenzisa inani elikhulu le-obsidian elatholwa epaki kamuva. Yayisetshenziswa izakhamuzi ukwenza amathuluzi okusika abukhali nezikhali zokuzingela nokuhweba. Kumathuluzi atholiwe, imicibisholo eminingana okukholakala ukuthi iqoshwe etsheni eliphuzi obsidian iye yatholwa esifundeni, yaze yadlulela nasezifundeni zaseMississippi Valley. Lokhu kukhomba ukuthi kwakukhona uhlobo oluthile lohwebo lwe-obsidian olwaluqhubeka phakathi kwezizwe ezihlukahlukene zasempumalanga. Kwaba phakathi nohambo lukaLewis noClark lwango-1805 kuphela lapho abahloli bamazwe abamhlophe bokuqala abavakashela lesi sifunda baqondana nezizwe ezinciphayo manje ezibizwa ngokuthi. Nez Perce, Crow and Shoshone izizwe. Ngalesi sikhathi, iningi lezizwe ezake zahlala futhi zadlondlobala e-Yellowstone National Park azisekho noma sezihlakazeke ngazinye zaya kwezinye izifunda zomhlaba.
Isifunda sase-Yellowstone
Ngenkathi abahloli bamazwe bewela i-Montana yanamuhla, bezwa ngendawo ebizwa ngokuthi isifunda sase-Yellowstone eningizimu, kodwa ithimba lohambo ngaleso sikhathi alizange lenze mzamo wokuthola le ndawo. Eminyakeni eyishumi nanye kusukela kulesi sigameko ngo-1871, uFerdinand V. Hayden wagcina ekwazile ukukala isifunda se-Yellowstone National Park ngemva kokwehluleka kwakhe umzamo wangaphambili. Ngemva kokubuya kwakhe ohambweni, uHayden wabhala umbiko onemininingwane ephelele ohlanganisa izithombe ezinkulu zikaWilliam Henry Jackson kanye nemidwebo embalwa eyinkimbinkimbi kaThomas Moran. Le mibiko eyabhalwa uHayden yaqinisekisa i-US Congress ukuthi ibuyise lesi sifunda se-Yellowstone National Park endalini yomphakathi.
Ngo-March 1, 1872, i-Art of Dedication ekugcineni yasayinwa nguMongameli wangaleso sikhathi u-Ulysses S. Grant futhi ubunikazi be-Yellowstone National Park ekugcineni baphila. Phakathi neminyaka ebalulekile yeMpi Yezwe II, inani lezivakashi ezazivakashela lesi siqiwu lehla kakhulu. Abasebenzi abaningi kudingeke baphume emsebenzini wabo futhi izinsiza eziningi zepaki azikwazanga ukulungiseka. Futhi, phakathi neminyaka ka-1950, ukuvakashelwa kwezivakashi kwenyuka kwafinyelela inani elikhulu kuwo womabili amapaki e-Yellowstone nakwamanye aziwayo e-USA. Ukwamukela ngokufudumele lokhu kuthutheleka kwezivakashi ezinkulu, ikomiti lepaki laqala ukusebenza Imishini 66 ebigxile ekwenziweni kwesimanjemanje kanye nokwandiswa kwezinsizakusebenza zepaki ukuze kugcinwe ifa eliqhakazayo lepaki. Nakuba inhloso bekuwukuqeda le mishini ngonyaka ka-1966 (esikhumbuzweni seminyaka engama-50 yasungulwa) I-Mission 66 yaphambuka kancane ekuyakheni yaba isitayela sendlu yezingodo yendabuko yaya emiklameni eyayiyisimanje ngokwemvelo.
Umlando okukhulunywa ngawo kakhulu waleli paki ubhalwe phansi cishe yizindawo zemivubukulo eziyi-1,000. Leli paki laziwa ngokuba nezimpawu zomlando ezizimele ezingaba ngu-1,106 futhi phakathi kwazo i-Obsidian Cliff kanye nezakhiwo ezinhlanu ezaziwayo zinikezwe igama elithi National Historic Landmarks. Ngenxa yobuningi bezitshalo nezilwane ezihlukahlukene eziphefumula esifundeni se-Yellowstone National Park, isiphinde yaqashelwa njenge-International Biosphere Reserve ngo-Okthoba 26, 1976, futhi kwenzeka futhi indawo ye-UN World Heritage eqokwe Septhemba 6, 1978. Akugcini lapho, ngonyaka wezi-2010 lesi siqiwu sanikezwa udumo lokuba nekota yaso engena ngaphansi kohlelo lwe-America the Beautiful Quarters Programme.
I-Geology yepaki
I-Yellowstone National Park itholakala ngaseNyakatho-mpumalanga yoMfula iSnake River. Kuyi-arc emise okwe-u enqamula izintaba futhi isuka eBoyce Idaho iye entshonalanga, ihlanganisa phakathi kwamakhilomitha angama-400 (640 km). Ubuwazi ukuthi i-Yellowstone Caldera yaziwa nangokuthi iyisistimu yentaba-mlilo enkulu kunazo zonke ezikhona esifundeni saseNyakatho Melika? Njengamanje, okuwukuphela kwembangi yayo emhlabeni yiLake Toba Caldera etholakala eSumatra. I-caldera iqanjwe igama elithi super volcano ngenxa yokuqhuma kwayo okukhulu ngokumangalisayo nokuguquguqukayo phakathi neminyaka edlule. Ngaphansi kwezwe lase-Yellowstone kuhlala ikamelo layo le-magma elilinganiselwa ukuthi lenziwe ngekamelo elilodwa eliqhubekayo elingamamayela angu-37 ubude, amamayela angu-18 ububanzi futhi cishe amamayela angu-327 ukujula.
Ukuqhuma kwakamuva kwe-caldera kwenzeka ngenxa yokuqhuma kwenhlekelele okwenzeka eminyakeni engaba ngu-6,40,000 edlule futhi kwaziwa ukuthi kwakhulula cishe ama-cubic miles angama-240 womlotha, amatshe ashile nezinto ze-pyroclastic emoyeni. Lokhu kuqhuma kubalwe njengokuphindwe izikhathi eziyi-1000 kunokuqhuma kuka-1980 okwenzeka eMount Saint Helens. Nokho, lesi akusona isimangaliso kuphela samachweba esiqiwu, futhi saziwa ngamagiza adume kakhulu, mhlawumbe emhlabeni wonke.
Kufanele ngabe uzwile mayelana 'Othembekile Omdala'I-geyser etholakala endaweni engaphezulu ye-geyser? Isifunda siphinde sibe ne-Beehive geyser, i-Lion geyser, i-Castle geyser, i-Giant geyser (i-voluminous geyser edume kakhulu), i-Grand geyser (okungenzeka ukuthi iyigeza ende kunazo zonke emhlabeni) kanye ne-Riverside geyser. Leli paki liyikhaya lamagiza amade kakhulu futhi asebenzayo emhlabeni - i-Steamboat geyser etholakala e-Norris Geyser Basin. Ucwaningo lwakamuva olwenziwe ngonyaka wezi-2011 luveze ukuthi ama-geyers angu-1283 aqhume kuphela ezweni laseYellowstone.
Phakathi kwalokhu, isilinganiso samagiza angama-465 kucatshangwa ukuthi ayasebenza unyaka othile. Ngenxa yezinhlekelele ezimbi kangaka ezenzeka esifundeni, i-Yellowstone inezici ezishisayo ezingaba ngu-10,000 sezizonke, ezihlanganisa izimbiza zodaka, amagiza, ama-fumaroles neziphethu ezishisayo. I-Yellowstone iphinde ibone izinkulungwane zokuzamazama komhlaba okuncane/okukhulu okwenzeka minyaka yonke; Nokho, ubukhulu abubonakali kubantu bendawo.
I-Flora ne-Fauna
Flora
Inhlabathi ye-Yellowstone National Park iyikhaya lezinhlobo zezihlahla eziyinqaba ezingaphezu kuka-1700 nezitshalo eziphawuleka ngemithambo. Izinhlobo ezingaba ngu-170 zaziwa njengezinhlobo ezingavamile futhi azizona ezakhele le ndawo. I-Lodgepole Pine isabalele cishe ku-80% wezwe lehlathi futhi iphakathi kwezinhlobo eziyisishiyagalombili zezihlahla ze-conifer ezibonakala esifundeni. Ezinye izinhlobo ze-coniferous ezaziwayo kulesi sifunda i-Engelmann spruce, i-Rocky Mountain Douglas fir, i-Whitebark pine kanye ne-Subalpine fir etholakala ikhula ngezikhathi ezithile emigodini yepaki.
Cishe kunezinhlobo eziningi zezitshalo eziqhakazayo ezihlonzwe ukuthi bezichuma esifundeni ngoMeyi nangoSepthemba, ikakhulukazi. Esinye sezitshalo eziqhakazayo ezingavamile ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke i-Yellowstone Sand Verbena. Cishe zingu-8000 zalezi zinhlobo ezitholakala ziqhakaza ezigodini zalesi siqiwu. Kukholakala futhi ukuthi bayisihlobo esiseduze sezimbali ezikhula ezindaweni ezifudumele. Uma kuziwa ezitshalweni ezingezona ezomdabu ezihlala kule ndawo, kukholakala ukuthi zisongela umthombo womsoco wezinhlobo zendabuko ngokuthatha indawo futhi zikhule njalo endaweni.
Fauna
Izilwane zaseYellowstone National Park ziyikhaya lezinhlobo ezingaba ngu-60 zezilwane ezincelisayo ezihlanganisa i-coyote, ama-cougars i-Canadian lynx, impisi yase-Rocky Mountain namabhere amnyama angama-grizzly. Izilwane ezincelisayo ezinkulu zihlanganisa inyathi, i-moose, inyamazane yomnyuzi, i-elk, inyamazane enomsila omhlophe, izimvu zophondo olukhulu, uphondo lwe-prong, imbuzi yasezintabeni kanye nomhlambi omkhulu kunawo wonke e-USA - i-American Bison.
Inani elikhulu lezinyathi ezigcwele kule ndawo likhathaza abafuyi bendawo besaba ukuthi lolu hlobo lwenyathi lungadlulisela izifo zezinkomo kwezinye izinhlobo zabazala bazo abafuywayo. Cishe ingxenye yenyathi yesifunda isengozini yokuthola isifo esibangelwa amagciwane esibizwa ngokuthi 'i-brucellosis' esangena endaweni ngezinkomo zase-Europe okungase kubangele ukuthi izinkomo ziphuphunyelwe yizisu. Nokho azikho izigameko ezike zabikwa zokuthelelana kwalesi sifo sisuka enyathini siye ezinkomo ezifuywayo. Kukhona futhi izinhlobo zezinhlanzi ezingaba ngu-18 ezichumayo emanzini afudumele e-Yellowstone okuhlanganisa, i-Yellowstone cut-throat trout.
Lesi siqiwu siphinde sibe nezinhlobonhlobo zezilwane ezihuquzelayo okuhlanganisa i-rubber boa, i-prairie, i-Rattlesnake, ufudu olupendiwe, i-sagebrush lizard, i-bullsnake, inyoka ye-valley garter kanye nezinhlobo ezine ezihlukene zezilwane ezihlala emanzini ezibizwa ngokuthi i-tiger salamander, iselesele lasentshonalanga, i-chorus frog ne-Columbia. ixoxo elinamabala.
Imisebenzi yokuzilibazisa
Uma uhlela ukuthatha uhambo oluya e-Yellowstone National Park, sicela uphawule ukuthi ngeke ibe khona indawo yokuhlala ezokuthutha umphakathi ezizotholakala ngaphakathi kwekhempasi yaleli paki. Nokho, ungahlala uthintana nezinkampani zokuvakasha ezimbalwa ezihlinzeka ngezinto zokuhamba eziziqondisayo. Phakathi nobusika, uhambo lwemoto yeqhwa luyatholakala ukuze lunqamule phezu kweqhwa elisabalele ngokumangalisayo endaweni.
Uma uhlela ukuvakashela i-Great Canyon, izindawo ze-Old Faithful kanye ne-Mammoth Hot zepaki, yazi ukuthi lezi zifunda zivame ukugcwala kakhulu, futhi izikhungo zimatasa kakhulu phakathi nenyanga yehlobo. Lokhu kwesinye isikhathi kubangela isiminyaminya nokubambezeleka isikhathi eside ngenxa yabantu abaminyana futhi bebuka izilwane zasendle. I-National Park Service inomthwalo wemfanelo wokunakekela iminyuziyamu nezikhungo zezivakashi futhi inesibopho sokugcina izakhiwo zomlando ezitholakala endaweni.
Kukhona futhi nezakhiwo eziyinqaba ezingaba ngu-2,000 ezidinga ukunakekelwa. Lezi zakhiwo azizona izakhiwo ezejwayelekile, zifaka iFort Yellowstone (esendaweni yaseMammoth hot springs) kanye nezindawo eziyingqophamlando kazwelonke njenge-Old Faithful Inn eyakhiwa ngonyaka we-1903 kuya ku-1904. Inketho yokukhempa iyatholakala futhi kubavakashi abafuna isipiliyoni esithile endaweni yemvelo, nokho, inketho yokuqwala izintaba nokuqwala izintaba ayinakwenzeka kuleli paki ngenxa yezintaba-mlilo ezahlukahlukene ezihlala esifundeni.
Ukuzingela akuvunyelwe esifundeni, nokho, kuvunyelwe esifundeni sehlathi esingumakhelwane ngezikhathi ezihlukahlukene zonyaka. Ukudoba kuwumsebenzi wokuzijabulisa odume kakhulu esifundeni, nokho-ke, uzodinga ilayisense yokudoba i-Yellowstone ukuze udobe emanzini epaki.
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